PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE Ayurveda Perception of Prameha

Fracture Behavior of Inhomogeneous Biological Materials and Interfaces   Biological materials like bone, nacre, human tooth layers are inhomogeneous materials made up of soft collagen, and hard, hydroxyapatite (HAP) mineral arranged in such a fashion so that these materials have higher strength and toughness, the measure of crack resisting behavior in materials, at the same time, which is exclusive in nature for different class of materials available for different application areas. The interfaces in these biological materials are designed in such a fashion so that the load transfer between the constituents takes place so smoothly, therefore, become a region of strength, not susceptible to failure like in other man-made materials and composites. It is important to understand these aspects of biological materials so that they can be mimicked to the novel materials to satisfy the growing need of different industries.   This work is focused on studying different layers of human tooth, and its interface for crack initiation and growth, the crack arresting behavior of the interface layer of the outer cover of human tooth, the enamel, and the inner, dentine, called dentine enamel junction. These works are done by developing a numerical model using the commercial finite element analysis tool, ABAQUS. The crack growth pattern of the enamel and the dentine has also been investigated. The role of porosity and permeability on the energy release rate which is the measure of fracture toughness has also been investigated. The key features of the book are:

• Study on the role of shear modulus of the defect and the matrix material in which the defect is embedded on the energy release rate.
• The role of small coating layer between the outer matrix and the inner layer on the fracture behavior, especially the stress concentrations in these different layers due to change in the elastic modulus.
• The crack growth pattern in human enamel, the outer tooth layer.
• The crack arresting phenomena of the interfacial, dentine enamel junction (DEJ).
• The role of porosity and permeability on the energy release rate in the inner layer of human tooth, dentine.

कुछ शोध परिणामों से यह ज्ञात हुआ है कि व्यवसाय का प्रकार, व्यवसाय की स्थिति/पद तथा माता का व्यवसाय से समझौते का स्तर, माता की क्रियाओं की गुणवत्ता तथा बालकों की देख-रेख के स्तर में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका का निर्वाह करता है। इस सम्बन्ध में हाॅफमैन (1989) बताते हैं कि व्यवसायरत् माताओं की कि‛ाोर बालिकायें सामाजिक रूप से अपने आपको अधिक समर्थ पाती हैं। उनके आत्मवि‛वास, आत्म उपयुक्ततता एवं स्वतंत्रता की भावना में बढ़ोत्तरी होती है। यही तथ्य बालकों के लिए अलग होता है क्योंकि माताओं का व्यवसायरत् होना कि‛ाोर बालकों पर अलग प्रकार का प्रभाव डालता है। इसके विपरीत बहुत ही सफलतम परिवारों में व्यवसायरत् माताओं के कि‛ाोरों की बुद्धिलब्धि तथा पहचान अधिक उच्च कोटि की होती है। यह विपरीत प्रभाव कई कारणों से प्रभावित होता है।